Abstract
This work aims to predict depression based on diverse data using Machine Learning Algorithms. The designed model seeks to identify early indicators of depression, providing a potential tool for proactive intervention and support in mental health by analyzing patterns in behavioral, physiological, and contextual data. Machine learning algorithms, namely decision trees, extra trees, XGBoost, Stochastic gradient descent, grid search CV, Stacking, and Voting classifiers, etc., are used to predict depression in the early stage.
This study emphasizes integrating machine learning techniques to enhance predictive accuracy and contribute to developing accessible and timely depression detection systems. The F1 score was added, which helped to identify the best machine learning algorithm among the ones applied. We have achieved an accuracy of 92 % with random forest, which is 3% higher than the work previously done in RF. We also achieved a 0.99 F1 score using Linear SVM.
References
V. Kaur et al., “Machine Learning for Early Detection of Child Depression: A Data-Driven Approach,” 2023 2nd International Conference on Futuristic Technologies (INCOFT), Belagavi, Karnataka, India, 2023, pp. -5, doi: 10.1109/INCOFT60753.2023.10425378.
M. Keerthiga, D. Abisha, P. Kalaiselvi, and S. Shenbaga Lakshmi, “Machine Learning-based Depression Prediction using Social Media Feeds,” 2023 International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT), Lalitpur, Nepal, 2023, pp. 863–869, doi: 10.1109/ICICT57646.2023.10134427.
M. H. Kabir, N. Samrat, A. Al Mahmud, R. Akter and M. Raihan, “Mental Stress Prediction from the Text of Social Media Using Machine Learning Techniques,” 2023 14th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), Delhi, India, 2023, pp. 1–7, doi: 10.1109/ICCCNT56998.2023.10308343.
S. Nilushika Gamage and P. P. G. Dinesh Asanka, “Machine Learning Approach to Predict Mental Distress of IT Workforce in Remote Working Environments,” 2022 International Research Conference on Smart Computing and Systems Engineering (SCSE), Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2022, pp. 211–216, doi: 10.1109/SCSE56529.2022.9905229.
N. T. Singh, R. Dhiman, P. Luthra, and S. Goyal, “Predictive Analysis of Mental Stress using Machine Learning Techniques,” 2023 8th International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES), Coimbatore, India, 2023, pp. 1269–1273, doi: 10.1109/ICCES57224.2023.10192635.
A. Batabyal, V. Singh, M. K. Gourisaria and H. Das, “Sleep Stress Level Classification through Machine Learning Algorithms,” 2022 OITS International Conference on Information Technology (OCIT), Bhubaneswar, India, 2022, pp. 91–96, doi: 10.1109/OCIT56763.2022.00027.
M. Karunakaran, J. Balusamy and K. Selvaraj, “Machine Learning Models based Mental Health Detection,” 2022 Third International Conference on Intelligent Computing Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT), Kannur, India, 2022, pp. 835–842, doi: 10.1109/ICICICT54557.2022.9917622.
D. Shi, X. Lu, Y. Liu, J. Yuan, T. Pan and Y. Li, “Research on Depression Recognition Using Machine Learning from Speech,” 2021 International Conference on Asian Language Processing (IALP), Singapore, Singapore, 2021, pp. 52–56, doi: 10.1109/IALP54817.2021.9675271.
C. A. V. Palattao, G. A. Solano, C. A. Tee and M. L. Tee, “Determining factors contributing to the psychological impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic using machine learning,” 2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Information and Communication (ICAIIC), Jeju Island, Korea (South), 2021, pp. 219–224, doi: 10.1109/ICAIIC51459.2021.9415276.
Bhakta and A. Sau “Prediction of depression among senior citizens using machine learning classifiers”, International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 144, no. 7, pp. 11–16, June 2016. DOI: 10.5120/ijca2016910429.
https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/default.aspx.
Chung, Jetli and Teo, Jason. (2022). Mental Health Prediction Using Machine Learning: Taxonomy, Applications, and Challenges. Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing. 2022. 1–19. doi: 10.1155/2022/9970363.
Abdulla, Hind, Maalouf, Maher and Jelinek, Herbert. (2023). Machine Learning for the Prediction of Depression Progression from Inflammation Markers. 2023. 1–4. doi: 10.1109/EMBC40787.2023.10340436.
S. S. Malik and A. Khan, “Anxiety, Depression and Stress Prediction among College Students using Machine Learning Algorithms,” 2023 Second International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Information and Communication Technologies (ICEEICT), Tiruchirappalli, India, 2023, pp. 1–5, doi: 10.1109/ICEEICT56924.2023.10157693.
Swati Miahra, and B. Megha Agarwal. “Diagnosis and Classification of Cancer Using Machine Learning Techniques.” In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (SOLI), pp. 1–5. IEEE, 2022. doi: 10.1109/SOLI57430.2022.10294965.
A. Arya, R. Kumari and P. Bansal, “Predicting Depression and Mental Illness Using Machine Learning Algorithms,” GV 2023 International Conference on Communication, Security and Artificial Intelligence (ICCSAI), Greater Noida, India, 2023, pp. 399–404, doi: 10.1109/ICCSAI59793.2023.10421262.
P. Nison, P. Vuttipittayamongkol, P. Boonyapuk and K. Kemavuthanon, “A Machine Learning Approach for Depression Screening in College Students Based on Non-Clinical Information,” 2023 International Conference on Cyber Management And Engineering (CyMaEn), Bangkok, Thailand, 2023, pp. 413–417, doi: 10.1109/CyMaEn57228.2023.10051001.
S. Annapoorani and P. Saravanan, “From Text to Visuals: Advancements in Depression Prediction Using AI and Machine Learning Techniques,” 2023 International Conference on Research Methodologies in Knowledge Management, Artificial Intelligence and Telecommunication Engineering (RMKMATE), Chennai, India, 2023, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.1109/RMKMATE59243.2023.10369708.
A. Benny, A. V. S, A. Subair, A. P. Nair and S. Thomas, “Suicidal Ideation Prediction Using Machine Learning,” 2023 International Conference on Circuit Power and Computing Technologies (ICCPCT), Kollam, India, 2023, pp. 772–776, doi: 10.1109/ICCPCT58313.2023.10245513.
Swati Mishra, and Utcarsh Agarwal. “Lung cancer detection (LCD) from histopathological images using fine-tuned deep neural network.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Communication, and Information Security. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. doi: 10.1007/978-981-99-1373-2_19.
O. S. Bankar, Y. M. Rajput, V. Kumbhar and T. P. Singh, “Machine Learning Applications in Depression Research: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis,” 2023 International Conference on Integration of Computational Intelligent System (ICICIS), Pune, India, 2023, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.1109/ICICIS56802.2023.10430263.
A. M. Chekroud, R. J. Zotti, Z. Shehzad et al., “Cross-trial prediction of treatment outcome in depression: a machine learning approach,” Ae Lancet Psychiatry, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 243–250, 2016.
S. Rudenstine, K. McNeal, T. Schulder, C. K. Ettman, M. Hernandez, K. Gvozdieva, et al., “Depression and anxiety during the covid- 19 pandemic in an urban low-income public university sample”, Journal of Traumatic Stress, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 12–22, 2021.
Long Xu, Xin Shu, and Jian Shu, “Research on Depression Tendency Detection Based on Image and Text Fusion”, 2022 5th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Big Data (ICAIBD)., 2022.
Md. Mehedi Hassan, Md. Asif Rakib Khan, Khan Kamrul Islam, Md. Mahedi Hassan and M M Fazle Rabbi, “Depression Detection System with Statistical Analysis and Data Mining Approaches”, 2021 International Conference on Science & Contemporary Technologies (ICSCT)., 2021.
K. A. G. a. N. Palanichamy, “Depression Detection Using Machine Learning Techniques on Twitter Data”, International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS), pp. 960–966, 2021.
M. R. A. R. J. M. A. R. A. S. P. M. U. Amna Amanat, “Deep Learning for Depression Detection from Textual Data”, electronics, no. February 7, pp. 1–13, 2022.
B. S. I. J. E. J. A. N. J. A. P. Zannatun Nayem Vasha, “Depression detection in social media comments data using machine learning algorithms”, Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, no. August 6, pp. 987–995, 2022.
“Stress detection using natural language processing and machine learning over social interactions”, Joourof Big Data, pp. 1–24, 2022.
“Early Depression Detection from Social Network Using Deep Learning Techniques”, vol. IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP), no. June 7, pp. 823–826, 2022.
S. Mishra and M. Agarwal, “Skin Cancer Classifier: Performance Enhancement Using Deep Learning Models,” 2025 10th International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication (ICSC), Noida, India, 2025, pp. 721–725, doi: 10.1109/ICSC64553.2025.10969043.
S. Mishra and D. Srivastava, “Employing Machine Learning Techniques for Depression Prediction,” 2024 3rd International Conference for Advancement in Technology (ICONAT), GOA, India, 2024, pp. 1–4, doi: 10.1109/ICONAT61936.2024.10775113.
